In the modern world, where interaction is an integral part of our daily lives, understanding the non-verbal aspects of communication is becoming increasingly important. One of these key aspects is the use of the space that surrounds us. This field of knowledge, known as proxemics, was formulated by the prominent American anthropologist Edward T. Hall in the 1960s. His research, based on observing the hidden dimensions of human culture, fundamentally changed our understanding of how we interact with one another and with our environment.
According to Hall, proxemics (from the Latin "proximitas" — closeness) is the science of how people use space in social interactions. He argued that the size and need for personal space are deeply individual, yet are shaped by four interchangeable dimensions: position in the hierarchy, emotionality, culture, and, importantly, the specific situation.
This means that, for example, a change in distance between interlocutors in a certain culture may signal a change in their social status or emotional state.
Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Interaction
One of Hall's most important discoveries was the identification of the profound impact of cultural differences on spatial norms. What is considered an acceptable distance for communication in one culture may be perceived as aggressive intrusion or, conversely, as excessive aloofness in another. This has significant implications for intercultural communication. An ideal environment is one where all aspects of a person's life harmoniously align with their spatial needs.
A key aspect of proxemics is understanding territory as an extension of the physical body. It is not just empty space, but an invisible yet palpable "bubble" that surrounds each of us. Depending on the degree of closeness in relationships and the context of interaction, Hall identified four main zones of personal space:
Intimate zone (from 15 to 46 cm): This is the most important zone, which is almost sacred to a person. Intrusion into it is permitted only for the closest people who are in close emotional contact — partners, parents, children, close friends. It is associated with trust, comfort, and often, vulnerability. Unauthorized intrusion into this zone is often perceived as a threat or aggression.
Personal zone (from 46 cm to 1.2 m): This is the space for interaction with friends, colleagues, or acquaintances. At this distance, we feel comfortable during casual conversations at a party, a business meeting, or while communicating with colleagues. This is the "comfortable" distance for most everyday social interactions.
Social zone (from 1.2 to 3.6 m): This distance is suitable for formal interactions with strangers or those we know superficially. It is used in official meetings, in stores, banks, or during conversations with people with whom we do not have close personal relationships. It provides a sense of safety and neutrality.
Public zone (more than 3.6 m): This is the largest distance used for public speeches, lectures, or addressing a large group of people. It allows the audience to encompass the entire figure of the speaker, while the speaker can maintain visual contact with a larger number of listeners, preserving a certain degree of aloofness and authority.
The effectiveness of communication largely depends on understanding these spatial zones and their cultural peculiarities. For example, in Middle Eastern or Latin American cultures, where personal space is closer, the distance typical for Europeans in communication may be perceived as intrusion.
