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The British imperial system, or Imperial system, was formed in Great Britain in the 18th century as an attempt to standardize numerous local units of length, weight, and volume. In 1824, the Parliament of Great Britain passed the "Weights and Measures Act," which introduced official standards for all British colonies. The system became the standard in countries of the British Empire, including Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Its main goal was simple: to unify measures for trade and the economy while preserving the convenient and familiar units that the population already knew.
Structure of the system
The British imperial system is similar to US customary system, but has some differences. The basic units include:
Length
- Inch (inch) = 2.54 cm
- Foot (foot) = 12 inches ≈ 30.48 cm
- Yard (yard) = 3 feet ≈ 91.44 cm
- Mile (mile) = 1760 yards ≈ 1.609 km
Weight and mass
- Pound (pound) = 16 ounces ≈ 453.6 g
- Ounce (ounce) = 28.35 g
- Ton (Imperial ton) = 2240 pounds ≈ 1016 kg
Volume
- Gallon (Imperial gallon) = 4.546 l
- Quart (quart) = 1/4 gallon ≈ 1.136 l
- Pint (pint) = 1/8 gallon ≈ 568 ml
- Fl. ounce (fluid ounce) = 1/160 gallon ≈ 28.41 ml
Temperature
- The Fahrenheit scale is used in the USA, while Celsius is predominantly used in Great Britain for everyday purposes, although Fahrenheit is still encountered in historical contexts.
Origin of names and units
- Inch (inch) — from the Latin uncia (“one twelfth”), originally the width of a thumb.
- Foot (foot) — the average length of a human foot.
- Yard (yard) — the distance from the nose to the tip of a monarch's outstretched arm.
- Mile (mile) — Latin mille passus, a thousand paces.
- Gallon (gallon) — a medieval measure for beer and wine, which varied by region.
- Pound (pound) and ounce (ounce) — from Latin libra and uncia, units of weight from Roman times.
Thus, the system combines historical "human" units with official standards for trade and industry.
Where it is used today
Today, Great Britain is officially metric, but imperial units have persisted in everyday life and culture:
- miles for road signs,
- pints for beer,
- pounds for body weight,
- inches and feet for some types of construction.
Other former colonies of the British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand — have fully transitioned to the metric system, but sometimes retain historical units in everyday use.
The British imperial system is part of a historical legacy that influenced the formation of the US customary system and measurement culture in many countries. It demonstrates how historical traditions and everyday needs shaped standards that have persisted even in the modern world.
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