Why does the Bystander Effect make people not help others?

How the bystander effect explains why people are less likely to intervene when there are many witnesses around

Imagine a situation: you are walking down the street and see someone who is unwell. There are many people around, all witnessing the same thing, but no one is rushing to help. You hesitate: maybe someone has already called an ambulance? Why is no one acting? This is a classic example of the bystander effect – a psychological phenomenon that causes us not to intervene when other witnesses are also present.

The bystander effect (or bystander apathy) is a phenomenon where a person is less likely to help in an emergency situation when there are other observers present. The more witnesses there are, the less likely it is that someone will intervene.

This phenomenon was first studied in the 1960s by social psychologists John Darley and Bibb Latané after the horrific murder of Kitty Genovese in New York. The woman was fatally attacked near her home, and although the assault lasted about 30 minutes, none of the numerous witnesses intervened. This case became a symbol of the crowd's indifference, although it was later revealed that some people did try to call the police.

The main reason for the bystander effect is diffusion of responsibility. When a person is alone with a problem, they realize that the solution depends solely on them. However, if there are many witnesses, the responsibility seems to dissolve among all those present. People think:

This mechanism works even at a trivial level – for example, if someone in the office needs to take out the trash, but no one does it because everyone thinks it should be done by someone else.

In addition to diffusion of responsibility, there are other factors that influence a person's decision to help or stay away:

🔹 Fear of doing something wrong – people may be afraid to intervene because they don’t know how to act correctly or fear judgment from others. 🔹 Social comparison – if others are not reacting, then the situation may not be that serious. We subconsciously look for cues in the behavior of those around us. 🔹 Anonymity – in a large crowd, people feel less responsibility as their individuality seems to dissolve among others.

Yes! There are ways to help overcome this effect and make society more responsive.

✔ Address people personally – if you need help, don’t just call out in general, but point to a specific person: “You in the red jacket, call an ambulance!”✔ Take the initiative – if you see that no one is acting, take the first step. This can prompt others to join in helping.✔ Raise awareness – understanding the diffusion of responsibility effect helps people consciously decide to help, even when others remain silent.

The bystander effect is not a manifestation of indifference, but a natural psychological effect that arises from diffusion of responsibility. However, we can consciously counteract it if we learn to take the initiative and act even when others passively observe. Sometimes a single brave action can change someone’s life – or even save it.