Spandau Citadel (Zitadelle Spandau). A fortress that survived centuries

If you imagine a medieval fortress that still proudly rises above the waters, then Citadel Spandau is one of the first to come to mind. Located in Berlin, this powerful fortress is one of the best preserved Renaissance fortifications in Europe. She has experienced numerous wars, revolutions and changes of eras, remaining a silent witness of history.

The Spandau Citadel did not appear out of nowhere. Back in the Middle Ages, a castle stood on this place, which protected the approaches to the city. In the 16th century, when artillery began to change the rules of war, there was a need to modernize defensive structures. Thus, in 1559, Elector Joachim II ordered the construction of a new fortress based on the Italian model.

Architects Francesco Kiering and Rochus Grafner created a perfect bastion fort: a square structure with four powerful bastions at each corner and a deep moat filled with water. It was a modern fortification system that could withstand a long siege.

The Citadel has played various roles over the centuries. Initially part of the defense of Brandenburg, it was later used as an arsenal and powder magazine. Napoleon captured it in 1806, but after his defeat the fortress was returned to Prussia.

In the 20th century, the citadel again found itself at the center of historical events. During World War II, it housed production facilities and defensive garrisons. In 1945, when Soviet troops stormed Berlin, the last defenders of the fortress surrendered only after the capitulation of Germany.

However, the most famous page of its recent history is related to the Cold War. It was here, in the inner Spandau prison, that Rudolf Hess, the last Nazi leader, was held from 1947 until 1987, and remained in prison until his death.

Today, the Spandau Citadel — is a cultural center and a tourist pearl of Berlin. It is open to visitors and offers expositions that introduce its rich history. Of greatest interest is the 30-meter Yuliusturm watchtower, which offers a panoramic view of the surroundings.

In addition, festivals, medieval fairs and concerts are regularly held here, which give the fortress a special atmosphere. Entrance costs 4.50 euros per person. Working hours: from Friday to Wednesday 10:00-17:00, on Thursday 13:00-20:00.